四、結(jié)論

城市化必然帶來(lái)住房問(wèn)題，并要求國(guó)家針對(duì)特定時(shí)期的具體狀況加以有針對(duì)性的干預(yù)。不過(guò)，國(guó)家自身卻可能失靈。在巴西，從早期城市化階段開(kāi)始，非正規(guī)的自建房和貧民區(qū)等就是巴西城市人口滿(mǎn)足住房需要的重要方式，而國(guó)家也采取了一定的住房政策干預(yù)行動(dòng)，如早期城市化階段的住房衛(wèi)生政策，中期城市化階段的城市規(guī)劃政策，以及晚期城市化階段的住房社會(huì)政策；不過(guò)，在每個(gè)階段，這些政策總體上都是嚴(yán)重失靈的。直到今天，巴西城市貧民區(qū)和非正規(guī)住房都遠(yuǎn)未根除。巴西城市住房政策失靈的原因，歸根結(jié)底在于巴西建國(guó)之時(shí)已經(jīng)確立、而在整個(gè)城市化進(jìn)程中不斷得到了再生產(chǎn)的“三座大山”傳統(tǒng)。實(shí)際上，國(guó)外勢(shì)力對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)的操縱、國(guó)內(nèi)政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)精英(包括大土地所有者)對(duì)國(guó)外勢(shì)力的依賴(lài)、國(guó)家精英構(gòu)成的非現(xiàn)代性難免限制政府能力、造成政府失靈和對(duì)公民權(quán)利的重視程度的不足，并進(jìn)而抑制住房政策對(duì)強(qiáng)化貧民區(qū)和非正規(guī)住房現(xiàn)象的干預(yù)效果。特別地，本研究還表明，如果1889年取消奴隸制作為巴西城市化的開(kāi)始，一直截止到今天(2012年)，其住房政策失靈的時(shí)間，至少長(zhǎng)達(dá)113年。這表明，“三座大山”這一歷史因素的影響是極其深遠(yuǎn)的。

巴西城市住房問(wèn)題及其干預(yù)中的住房政策失靈，在一定程度上也能反映其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家特別是拉美國(guó)家的情況。中國(guó)同為發(fā)展中國(guó)家，正在推進(jìn)城市化，面臨著各種各樣的住房問(wèn)題，并且國(guó)家正在開(kāi)展的住房政策干預(yù)，甚至存在總體失靈的可能。分析中國(guó)這一失靈的具體原因，不是本文的任務(wù)；不過(guò)，結(jié)合巴西的個(gè)案研究結(jié)果，卻也可以指出相關(guān)的啟示。亦即，要避免總體性的住房政策失靈，謀求國(guó)家的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立是一個(gè)必要條件；加強(qiáng)法治和形成精英與大眾間的利益共生格局，則是另一必要條件。中國(guó)在前一個(gè)方面的條件已經(jīng)具備，而在后一個(gè)方面還不完全具備。以后，要加強(qiáng)法治建設(shè)、保障住房領(lǐng)域中的公民資格，并加強(qiáng)收入分配的頂層設(shè)計(jì)和對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展果實(shí)的真正共享，才能根除城市住房政策失靈的深層根源；否則，現(xiàn)有城市住房問(wèn)題，還將持續(xù)好幾代人的時(shí)間。

注釋?zhuān)?/p>

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